Sunday, May 22, 2011

What it Means to be a Teenager Around the World

As you explore the world and the vast amount of differing cultures, you will come to find that although we are all very different- unique in every way- we are also all the same. Now, this may seem like a contradiction in and of itself, but distinguished specifics, or the particular, do not change the universal that is applicable everywhere. Take for example a smile; all across the world a smile symbolizes happiness, it’s the universal that is inevitably programmed into all human beings. But, while a smile may symbolize happiness, the reason for a smile may differ greatly. Humor is a particular, or a distinguished specific, because your sense of humor depends on how you were raised- meaning, what you’ve come to know as “socially acceptable” in your culture. As a young child, we learn the basics of how our society functions, but we truly start to take on fundamental roles in our culture just about after we’ve hit puberty- that joyous time when our personalities start to take their form and become established. Although, in general, being a teenager is practically the same all around the world- raging hormones and essentially “figuring out” what you’re supposed to do in life- there are hundreds of minute details attached to different culture’s teenage experiences such as: rebellion, relationships, freedoms, and responsibilities, which all are vital stepping stones to building up to one’s own independence and establishing their uniqueness; the crucial contradiction that allows us to function as individual wholes. Oh the joys of being a teenager.

As a child almost everyone looks forward to becoming a teen. From a child’s point of view, it almost seems magical to be able to date and drive, and it always seems like teenagers are having endless fun. Boy, do I sure wish that I had read the fine print before I had romanticized becoming a teenager as a child. Mortified at my changing body and outrageous mood swings, I at first questioned if something was just terribly wrong with me, but I was soon put at ease as I came to find that crazy hormones and zits were just part of the package. Sometimes we (teenagers) can be happy for no apparent reason at all, but sometimes we can become VERY irritable and just one tiny thing can set us off. This is why it is considered inevitable that teenagers will fight with their parents, because they are always there telling us what NOT to do. Although it is different for everyone, I think that just about every person in-between the ages of 13-18 will agree with me that no one can tell us what to do or who to be, and that defiance seems to always be there whether we like it or not. Rebelling, or “sticking it to the man”- to be unique and to be different- is just so… liberating. But, for every different culture the ways to rebel will vary because rebelling is essentially going against what is “socially acceptable”, and what is socially acceptable varies in the different cultures.

Raging hormones doesn’t just mean the endless mood swings, oh no; soon after the hormones start raging, the opposite gender becomes… attractive! It seems as if they lose all of their “ickyness” and suddenly you develop your first crush, how sweet and innocent. But as everyone gets older, there becomes more of a want for a substantial relationship- preferably like the perfect ones in the movies. In Utah, the usual age to start dating is about 16, because Utah’s population is highly influenced by the L.D.S. church which advises against dating at a young age; whereas in other states such as New York, a lot of the time you are in your pre-teens when you have your first “substantial relationship”. Once again this all just boils down to what is socially acceptable, which even varies from state to state within a country.

The thing that children most look forward to in their teenage years is freedom- not only being able to make your own choices and be who you want to be, but to actually be free. Cars are those magnificent machines that help you to quickly, and efficiently, get from point A to point B, and becoming a teenager entails the right to be able to legally operate one of these brilliant inventions. But, this type of freedom literally depends on the geography. For instance, it is more likely that you’ll be driving a car when things are, metaphorically, more spacious. By “more spacious”, I mean that things (towns and places) are farther apart from each other and it is obviously more efficient and much quicker to have the aid of a machine. So in more rural areas it is much more likely that this type of freedom will be applied, because it’s not necessarily logical to be driving a vehicle in an already crowded place where it would be much easier, more efficient, and much faster to travel either by foot or public transportation. In urban cities it seems as if everything is within reach because everything is so jam packed together; whereas in rural cities there are still a lot of spaces that are waiting to be filled. Now, when it’s harder to go somewhere it’s most likely that you won’t really go there, and vice versa, which is another way freedoms in different cultures vary greatly. Most of the time, it honestly just depends on the geography, speaking specifically about rural and urban cities. You will notice that a lot of the time adolescents in urban cities will be given more freedoms such as later curfew or to be able to go out on their own a lot earlier than adolescents in rural cities, which is probably because everything is just so close and over time it just becomes what is “socially acceptable”, meaning if it is easier to do than that’s how it is done. This is shown by how more freedom is given when someone turns 16 in Utah, because that’s when they can get a job and start driving to get around, but in New York more freedom is given when someone turns about 13 because they can get around much easier by public transit or just good old fashioned walking- which doesn’t require an age limit.

George Shaw once said, “We are made wise not by the recollection of our past, but the responsibility of our future.” But when is it exactly that we become responsible for our future? What we choose as our career will ultimately shape how the rest of our life is, and the crucial years in which most of us make that important decision are known as- gulp- high school. Man, thinking back on elementary school I realize how EASY life was, especially compared to children in Japan and other similar places who are taking high school level classes by the time they’re in 2nd grade! It is obvious that with more freedom, there comes more responsibilities, and I personally feel that it’s safe to say that most of the specifics for the universal understanding of “responsibility” are practically the same- taking advantage of your education (high school and college), finding a job, new tasks around the house, etc. And all of this leads up to essentially choosing a role in that person’s particular society. Responsibility is inevitable, but is something that everyone must take on in order for a culture to subsist.

No matter where you go around the world a smile is a symbol of happiness, but the reason for that happiness varies on the different types of humor, which is influenced by the culture itself, showing that although the particular may be different, the universal is the same. Just like being a teenager, although the distinguished particulars in cultures may vary, the universal is the same. Every teenager is just building up to total independence by having new learning experiences through raging hormones, having relationships, earning more freedom and more responsibilities and so much more. Every person is unique, and by establishing that uniqueness, independence is also established, but by functioning as an individual, society is allowed to function as a whole.

Sunday, May 1, 2011

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Anthropologists face many problems in the field of studying a culture or society, and many have to do with the fact that much can be misunderstood or misinterpreted because cultures and civilizations may differ greatly. “Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” and “Shakespeare in the Bush” are two perfect examples of real life accounts of the problems that they face in the field, and it is found that in order for anthropologists to be able to truly study a certain culture, they must understand the meanings of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

Ethnocentrism must be understood so that it can be avoided, because it is the belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group, which could ultimately make it very difficult to truly study and learn about a culture if you are constantly allowing yourself to believe that you are better than them; of course by “better” it is not necessarily referring to a bold arrogance or pride, but more so a hidden arrogance or pride that a lot of the time we don’t realize we even have. Naturally, people’s beliefs and ideas are shaped by their own personal experiences, what they know, and what they are told, and due to the fact that all human beings are bias (it’s something that is inevitable and cannot be denied) it makes it hard for someone to fully accept another’s beliefs, which can be completely different because they have different experiences. Now, this is fine because whether or not everyone would like to admit it, they all have at least a tiny bit of arrogance or pride for their culture, which they believe to be right because it is all that they have known (this is not referring to extreme cases of ethnocentrism such as during the Holocaust), but anthropologists need to understand this concept so that they can not only avoid it themselves, but understand why a certain culture may have the beliefs and ideas that they do.

This is where cultural relativism comes into play, because it is the view that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing systems of morality, law, politics, etc. It is the notion that all cultural beliefs are equally valid and that truth itself is relative, depending on the cultural environment. When speaking in terms of cultural relativism, there are no absolute truths. This is why it is essential that anthropologists understand this because it allows them to see past their own beliefs and truly study and learn about a different culture. Cultural relativism works because there is no true universal standard of morality, and if you think about it all societies and cultures are bases upon their moral beliefs.

Now, obviously anthropology is a branch of scientific study that is very important to learn about, which is why it is essential that all anthropologists remain neutral in their studies. But, remaining neutral can be difficult because ethnocentrism is honestly programmed into all of us. “Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” is a perfect example of this “hidden” ethnocentrism because as a young anthropologist studies a native tribe in the Kalahari, he must totally separate himself from the tribe so he may study them in their “natural” state. Even while they are sick and starving, he must just sit there and watch and study them. Towards Christmas time, as he is preparing to leave, he would like to try to make one last kind gesture to the tribe as a “sorry and thank you” by buying them a massive ox that he believes will be able to feed all of the villagers. He soon comes to much grief as many of the villagers tell him that it was a poor choice, and that this will be one of the worst Christmases ever. The young anthropologist feels terrible, but in the end he learns that they were kidding, and he learned one of the most valuable lessons of all from one of his friends from the tribe who explains to him their motif. He teaches the anthropologist that although it’s his job to study them, he shouldn’t treat them like they are animals or they are lower life forms to him that can easily be persuaded into forgiving. Although he had good intent in his heart, he didn’t realize how he was truly treating them, which is what happens to many people now.

While “Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” shows how ethnocentrism affects people, “Shakespeare in the Bush” is quite the opposite. “Shakespeare in the Bush” shows how big of a role cultural relativism must play in the studies of an anthropologist as one anthropologist tries to explain “Hamlet” to a completely different culture. At the beginning he believes that everything is understood the same all around, but as he faces many conflicts while trying to explain a totally foreign concept to some elders in a village, he realizes that just because something is understood in one place doesn’t mean that it cannot be misunderstood or misinterpreted in another place.

“Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” and “Shakespeare in the Bush” are two perfect examples of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, which play crucial roles in the branch of anthropology because they must be understood in order to fully comprehend, study, and record a different society/culture.